BGP in 2025#

Geoffrey Huston, APNIC

• Why: The annual reference for DFZ scale, churn, and the year's notable routing events — baseline data for FIB/TCAM planning and for understanding routing-system fragility.
• What: The IPv4 DFZ exceeded 1M entries for all BGP peers in 2025; headline events include the July 7 Ramses exchange fire in Cairo (four deaths, visible disruption in BGP), and Amazon's AS16509 swinging from 50M to 158M advertised addresses during the year — including a -15.8M withdrawal on 4 November and a +15.1M re-announcement on 10 December. The advertised IPv4 table actually shrank by 11M /32s over the year while unadvertised space grew by 10M; RIR allocations continue to be outpaced by recovery. Top churn tables (China Mobile +13k prefixes, USDA's odd 3,122-prefix behavior, Cox, Amazon) give a feel for who is re-de-aggregating.
• How: Longitudinal analysis across every routing peer of RouteViews and RIPE RIS: FIB counts, advertised address span, update/churn dynamics, two decades of comparison.
• Where applicable: Global and vendor-neutral; the numbers are what they are. Most useful as planning input (FIB growth, prefix-churn tolerance) and as a reminder that single-actor behavior can move the global table by millions of addresses in a day.